Are Anganwadi Teachers the Ultimate Health Guides for Under-Five

Mrs. Merine Jacob

Lecturer, Department of Paediatric Nursing, College of Medical & Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia

*Corresponding Author’s Email: mariyamaa@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Today’s children are tomorrow’s hope, who can constitute a stronger nation. Growing children in their tender age are at increased risk of becoming sick especially children of under-five year. Communicable diseases are one of the leading cause of death among Under-five children. It’s transmitted through direct contact with infectious pathogens include some viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites and aberrant proteins known as prions. Transmission of pathogens can occur in various ways including physical contact, contaminated food, body fluids, objects, airborne inhalation and through vector organisms¹. In this era under five children’s are suffering and dying each year due to the communicable diseases like malaria, diarrhoea, and scabies etc. Anganwadi teachers are influential people in the community who are able to disseminate the knowledge to children’s as well as to the care givers. Anganwadi teachers can educate the mother regarding the upliftment of the health of their children, and thereby they can minimize the health problems among children². A study was conducted among 300 primary care givers regarding knowledge, attitude and practices regarding communicable diseases in Kampala district revealed that 40% of anganwadi teachers are not having adequate knowledge regarding treatment of communicable diseases. It is therefore desirable that these teachers have the knowledge prevent and manage communicable diseases among their children in any eventuality. Hence investigator felt to develop a planned teaching programme among primary caregivers here anganwadi teachers to improve their knowledge³. In this study the pre-test majority (63%) samples had moderate knowledge level, (10%) samples had inadequate knowledge on prevention of selected communicable diseases among under five children. There is a significant increase in knowledge of anganwadi teachers after the introduction of planned teaching programme. During the post-test all (100%) anganwadi teachers gained adequate knowledge level of knowledge. The mean post-test knowledge score (22.7±1.70) was higher than the mean pre-test knowledge score (14.66±4.47).The ‘t’ test (t₂₉=2.05 p<0.005) was computed to compare the significant difference between the mean pre-test and post-test knowledge score. The calculated ‘t’ value indicate that there is significant gain in knowledge score. The study concluded that planned teaching programme is effective in increasing the knowledge of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under five children.

KEYWORDS: planned teaching programme, anganwadi teachers, under-five children, communicable diseases, prevention.

INTRODUCTION:

In any community, the under-five children are constituting a priority group and also they are vulnerable or special risk group and their health is related to their growth and development and survival. Anganwadi teachers are influential people in the community who are able to disseminate the health knowledge to children’s as well as to the care givers, they can impart health information effectively and assist the people in community to develop self-care potential¹. The anganwadi teachers are in direct contact with children and people in community, so they can play a pivot role in prevention of communicable diseases among children. Anganwadi teachers can educate the mother regarding the upliftment of the health of their children, and thereby they can minimize the health problems among children². Hence the investigator felt to develop a planned teaching programme for Anganwadi teachers to improve their knowledge on prevention of selected communicable diseases among under-five children.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

“Effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under-five children in selected anganwadi’s of udupi district, karnataka.”

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

• To determine the pre- test knowledge score of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under five children in selected anganwadi’s of Udupi district, Karnataka.

• To evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under five children in selected anganwadi’s of Udupi district, Karnataka.

• To find the association of pre -test knowledge score of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases with selected demographic variables.

HYPOTHESES:

The hypothesis will be tested at 0.05 level of significance:

• H1:The mean post-test knowledge score of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under five children will be significantly higher than their mean pre-test knowledge score.

• H2:The post-test knowledge score of anganwadi teachers in different areas of prevention of communicable diseases will be significantly higher than the mean pre-test knowledge score.

• H3:There is a significant association between the pre-test knowledge scores of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable disease among under five children with selected demographic variables.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

The literature study was organized and presented under following headings

1. Literature review related to incidence of communicable diseases.

2. Literature review related to anganwadi teachers knowledge on communicable diseases.

3. Literature review related to effectiveness of planned teaching programme.

METHODOLOGY:

Research approach:

An evaluative research approach is been adopted in this study.

Study design:

Pre-experimental i.e. one group pre-test – post-test design

Variables under study:

• Independed variable -Planned Teaching Programme

• Depended variable -level of knowledge of anganwadi teachers

Settings of the study:

The study was conducted in the selected anganwadi’s of Udupi district, Karnataka

Population:

In this study population consisted of anganwadi teachers working in the selected anganwadi’s of Udupi district, Karnataka.

Sample and sampling technique:

50 Sample were selected by using purposive sampling technique

Criteria for sample selection:

Inclusion criteria:

Anganwadi teachers who had passed Anganwadi teachers training course. Anganwadi teachers who are willing to participate in the study and Anganwadi teachers who are present at the time of data collection.

Exclusion criteria:

Anganwadi teachers who are already exposed to teaching programme on prevention of selected communicable diseases among under five children.

Tool:

Structured Knowledge questionnaire on prevention of selected communicable diseases among under five children.

Reliability:

The reliability of the tool was established using split-half method, and it was found to be 0.83, which indicated that the tool was reliable.

Pilot study:

The mean post-test knowledge score (20.4±20.5) was higher than mean pre-test knowledge score (11.1±11.0). The calculated ‘t’ value(9.69 P<0.05) was greater than table value (t9 =2.262) at 0.05 level of significance. Hence the null hypothesis was rejected and the research hypothesis was accepted.

Method of data collection:

The data collection period extended from 25-08-12 to 02- 09-12. On the first day, pre-test data was obtained using a self-administered structured knowledge questionnaire. On the same day, planned teaching programme was administered to the sample the seventh day post-test was conducted using the same knowledge questionnaire to assess the level of knowledge.

RESULTS:

Organization of findings

The data was analyzed and presented under the following headings:

Section A:

Description of demographic characteristics of the sample

Section B:

Knowledge of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under five children

a) Frequency and percentage distribution of sample according to level of knowledge.

b) Frequency percentage and cumulative frequency distribution of pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of anganwadi teachers

c) Area-wise mean, and standard deviation of pre-test and post-test knowledge scores.

d) Area-wise mean percentage and mean gain of pre-test and post-test knowledge scores.

Section C:

Effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of communicable diseases among under five children.

Section D:

Association between pre-test knowledge scores and selected demographic variables.

Section A: Description of demographic variables of the sample

This section deals with the description of demographic characteristics of anganwadi teachers

Table 1: Frequency and Percentage distribution of samples according to demographic variables of anganwadi teachers n=30

Sl no	Variables	Frequency (f)	Percentage (%)
1.	Age in years:
	20-25	2	7
	26-30	12	40
	31-35	3	10
	Above 35	13	43
2.	Gender:
	Male	-	-
	Female	30	100
3.	Educational status:
	Lower Primary School ( Till 7th std)	1	3
	Upper Primary School (8th,9th,10th)	24	80
	PUC and above	5	17
4.	Year of experience:
	≤ 1	1	3
	2-5	8	27
	6-9	7	23
	≥10	14	47
5.	Any history of referring communicable diseases:
	Yes	18	60
	No	12	40
6.	Previous source of information:
	No information	8	26
	Previous experience	9	30
	Mass media	5	17
	Health personnel	8	27
	Others (Specify)

Section B: Knowledge of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under five children

Knowledge of 30 teachers were assessed using a structured knowledge questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics.

The above table 2 shows that , in the pre-test, Majority (63%) of anganwadi teachers had moderate level of knowledge where as in the post-test no one had moderate level of knowledge. In the pre-test 10% of them had inadequate level of knowledge but in the post-test no one had inadequate level of knowledge. In the pretest 27% had adequate knowledge whereas in the post-test 100% of them had adequate level of knowledge.

Table: 4 Frequency ,percentage and cumulative frequency distribution of pre-test and post-test knowledge score of teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under-five children n=30

Range	Pre –test				Post-test
	f	%	Cf	Cf%	f	%	Cf	Cf%
0 -3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
4-6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
7 -9	3	10	3	10	-	-	-	-
10-12	7	23	10	33	-	-	-	-
13-15	7	23	17	57	-	-	-	-
16-18	5	17	22	73	-	-	-	-
19-21	5	17	27	90	6	20	6	20
22-24	3	10	30	100	19	63	25	83
25-26	-	-	-	-	5	17	30	100

50^th percentile

Figure: 2 Ogive representing pre and post-test knowledge scores of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of communicable diseases among under five children

Figure 3: Bar diagram showing the pre-test and post-test knowledge score of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of communicable diseases among under-five children ..

The data presented in table 4 shows that in the pre-test highest percentage (23%) of the teachers had knowledge score in the range of 10-15, whereas in the post test highest percentage (63%) of the teachers had knowledge score in the range of 22-24.

The above figure 2 shows that Post-test scores ogive lies right to the pre-test scores ogive over the entire range shows that post test scores are more than pre-test scores therefore planned teaching is effective. In the 50^th percentile pre-test score is 14 and post-test score is 23 .

The data in the table 5 shows that mean score obtained by sample in different areas before and after the administration of planned teaching programme .It shows that pre-test means in different areas are 2.2, 2.5, 5.4, 0.7, 0.6, 2.8, 1.9, 0.6 is less than post-test mean in different areas 2.9, 3.4, 5.9, 0.8, 0.9, 5.1, 2.6, 0.9 respectively .

Table:5 Area wise mean ,standard deviation of pre-test and post–test knowledge scores of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under-five children n=30

Area	Maximum score	Pre-test		Post-test
Area	Maximum score	Mean	SD	mean	SD
Introduction	3	2.2	0.8	2.9	0.3
Definition	4	2.5	1.1	3.4	0.8
Etiology	7	5.4	2.4	5.9	0.7
Signs and Symptoms	1	0.7	0.4	0.8	0.3
Diagnosis	1	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.1
Prevention	6	2.8	1.3	5.1	1.01
Management	3	1.9	0.8	2.6	0.4
Complication	1	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.1

Table:6 Area –wise mean percentage and mean gain of pre-test and post-test knowledge score of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of communicable diseases among under-five children .

n=30

Areas of knowledge	Mean % knowledge score		Mean possible gain A	Mean Actual gain B	% of modified gain score
Areas of knowledge	Pre-test	Post-test	Mean possible gain A	Mean Actual gain B	% of modified gain score
Introduction	73	97	27	24	89
Definition	63	85	37	22	59
Etiology	77	84	23	07	30
Signs and Symp	70	80	30	10	33
Diagnosis	60	90	40	30	75
Prevention	47	85	53	36	68
Management	63	87	37	24	65
Complication	60	90	40	30	75

The data presented in the table 6 shows that the percentage of modified gain score was maximum (89%) in the area of introduction and least (30%) in the area of etiological factors of communicable diseases.

Section C; Effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of communicable diseases among under five children.

Comparison of over-all pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of anganwadi teachers:

To find out the significant differences between the mean pre-test and post-test knowledge score, paired “t” test was used .In order to test the statistical significance between the pre-test and post-test knowledge score, the following null hypothesis was formulated.

H₀₁ :The mean post-test knowledge scores of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of communicable diseases among under five children will not be significantly higher than mean pre-test knowledge score at 0.05 level of significance.

Table:7 Mean ,Mean difference ,SD & t value of pre-test & post-test knowledge score of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of communicable diseases among under-five children .n=30

Parameters	mean	SD	Mean difference	‘t’ value
Pre-test	14.6	4.4	8.04	9.78*
Post-test	22.7	1.7	8.04	9.78*

t₂₉=2.05 P<0.05 * Significant

The data presented in the table 7 shows that the mean post-test knowledge score (22.7±1.7) was higher than the mean pre-test knowledge score (14.6±4.4). The calculated t value (9.78) p 0.05 was greater than the table value (t₂₉ =2.05) at 0.05 level of significance. Hence the noll hypothesis is rejected and research hypothesis was accepted. Ho₂:There is no significant difference between mean pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of teachers in various areas regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under-five children at 0.05 level of significance.

Table 8: Comparison of area-wise pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of communicable diseases among under-five children . n=30

Area	Pre-test		post-test		Mean difference	‘t’ value
Area	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean difference	‘t’ value
Introduction	2.2	0.8	2.9	0.3	0.7	7.6*
Definition	2.5	1.1	3.4	0.8	0.9	16.4*
Etiology	5.4	2.4	5.9	0.7	0.5	1.6*
Signs and Symptoms	0.7	0.4	0.8	0.3	0.1	5.4*
Diagnosis	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.1	0.3	5.4*
Prevention	2.8	1.3	5.1	1.0	2.3	41.9*
Management	1.9	0.8	2.6	0.4	0.7	9.5*
Complication	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.1	0.3	5.4*

t₂₉= 2.05, P<0.05 * Significant

The data presented in table 8 shows that there was significant difference between the mean pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of communicable diseases like diarrrhoea, malaria, scabies among under-five children in areas namely introduction, definition, etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management, prevention and complications.

As the calculated ‘t’ value (t₂₉=2.05) was greater than the table value at 0.05 level of significance in all the areas. So the null hypothesis rejected and the research hypothesis accepted. Hence it can be inferred that the planned teaching programme was effective in increasing the knowledge of anganwadi teachers.

Section D: Association between pre-test knowledge scores and selected demographic variables.

The section deals the findings related to the association between pre-test knowledge score and selected demographic variables .The Chi-square test was used to determine the association between the pre-test knowledge score and related demographic variables. The following null hypothesis was formulated.

H₀₃ : There will be no significant association between the pre-test level of knowledge regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under-five children and selected demographic variables at 0.05 level of significance.

The table 9 shows that c² value of demographic variables like age (0.402), educational status (0.013), Year of experience (0.037), History of referring (0.48) are higher than 0.05 therefore they have no significant association with pre-test knowledge scores at 0.05 level of significance. So the null hypothesis is accepted and research hypothesis is rejected.

DISCUSSION:

This chapter presents the major findings of this study and discusses them in relation to similar studies conducted by other researcher.

Knowledge of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of communicable diseases among under five children.

The investigator found that in the pre-test majority of the 19 (63 %) samples had moderate knowledge whereas in post-test 30 (100%) samples gained adequate knowledge on prevention of communicable diseases among under five children. Overall mean pre-test knowledge score of sample’s is 14.66 with a standard deviation of 4.47. This indicates that the samples had inadequate knowledge on prevention of communicable diseases among under five children. But in the post-test, knowledge score of the mothers was 22.7 with a standard deviation of 1.70. This indicates that knowledge level of mothers on prevention of communicable diseases among under five children had increased after the administration of planned teaching programme.

An area-wise mean percentage was computed for both pre-test and post-test. In the pre-test the mean percentage was highest (77%) for the ‘etiological factors for communicable diseases’ where as in the post-test the highest 97% gained in ‘general introduction on communicable diseases’. The mean percentage for other areas like ‘introduction’, ‘definition’, ‘etiology’, ‘signs and ‘symptoms’, ‘diagnosis’, ‘prevention’, ‘management’, and ‘complication’ in the pre-test were 73%, 77%, 63%, 70%, 60%, 47%, 63%, and 60% respectively where as in the post test in all these areas increased to 97%, 85%, 84%, 80%, 90%, 85%, 87%, and 90% respectively. Thus the findings suggest that planned teaching programme was effective in terms of gain in knowledge score⁴.

Comparison of pre-test and post-test knowledge score anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of communicable diseases among under five children.

The data illustrates that the mean post-test knowledge scores 22.7 is higher than mean pre-test knowledge scores 14.66. The computed ‘t’ value 9.78 (p <0.05) showed that there is highly significant difference between the pre-test and post-test mean knowledge scores (8.04) at 0.05 level of significance. These results had proved that the PTP has helped the subjects to improve their knowledge on prevention of communicable diseases among under-five children.

Association between pre-test knowledge score anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of communicable diseases among under five children and their selected demographic variables.

An association of selected demographic variables in relation to their knowledge was studied using Chi- square test. The Chi- square value was of demographic variables were age (0.402), educational status (0.013), experience (0.037), history of referring communicable diseases (0.48) respectively. These values are higher than 0.05, therefore they have no significant association with pre-test knowledge scores at 0.05 level of significance.

DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS WITH OTHER STUDIES:

OBJECTIVE 1. To determine the pre- test knowledge score of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under five children in selected anganwadi’s of Udupi district, Karnataka.

PRESENT STUDY

SUPPORTIVE STUDY

A descriptive study to assess the knowledge of primary care givers of under-five children regarding home management of diarrhoeal diseases in selected areas of hasserghatta-PHC, Bangalore. A purposive random sampling technique was used to select 100 caregivers 50 from urban and 50 from rural area. In rural area the mean knowledge score of caregivers on meaning, etiology, manifestations and complications of diarrhoeal diseases was 36.16% which was much higher than urban area of 16.50%. The mean knowledge score on home management using oral fluids and food in rural was higher 34.46% and lower in urban area which was 14.16%. The mean knowledge score of caregivers on control measures and prevention was higher in rural areas (51.17% ) than in urban area (13.07%). The overall mean knowledge score of mothers in rural area was (38.33%), higher than urban area (14.82%) with a mean SD of 7.1.The data subjected to statistical test indicates the mean knowledge score between the rural and urban area were found to be significant at 0.05 level (t=12.70) . Hence there is difference in knowledge among rural and urban caregivers regarding home management of diarrhoea⁵.

OBJECTIVE 2. To evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under five children in selected anganwadi’s of Udupi district, Karnataka.

PRESENT STUDY

SUPPORTIVE STUDY

The data illustrates that the mean post-test knowledge scores 22.7 is higher than mean pre-test knowledge scores 14.66. The study result showed that the calculated value (t₂₉=9.78,p<0.05) was greater than the table value (t₂₉=2.05) at 0.05 level of significance. There was a higher significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge score.

A quasi experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on home care management among mothers of children with communicable disease (tuberculosis) in selected dots centres, Bangalore city. The results revealed that overall pre-test mean practice score was 30.8% followed by post test score of 78.7%, with mean enhancement of practice score of 47.9% which is significant as observed between pre and post -test mean score (P<0.05)⁶.

OBJECTIVE 3. To find the association of pre -test knowledge score of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases with selected demographic variables.

PRESENT STUDY

SUPPORTIVE STUDY

The present study shows that there was no significant association between level of knowledge score and selected demographic variables like age, educational status and years of experience and previous source of information at 0.05 level of significance.

The findings of the current study are congruent with the findings of the study conducted in Thirupathi to assess the effectiveness of health education on prevention of burns and scald complications among mothers of under-fives. The Chi-square test computed between pre-test knowledge scores and selected demographic variables showed that there was no significant association between the level of knowledge scores and selected variables like age of the mother, education of the mother, and education of the father at 0.05 level of significance⁷.

CONCLUSION:

The study concluded that planned teaching programme is effective in increasing the knowledge of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under five children. Nursing implication

NURSING IMPLICATIONS:

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme in increasing the knowledge of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under five children.

The findings of the study have implications in the following areas:

· Nursing education

· Nursing practice

· Nursing administration

· Nursing research

Nursing Education:

One of the leading functions of Nursing is imparting education. With newer knowledge the scope of education too increases. Nurse educators should get the benefit of studies to include them in their classroom teachings to enhance the knowledge of the students. They may make use of the planned teaching programme , which is prepared for to use as a teaching tool. The students should be motivated to give health teachings using the teaching materials available. There is a need to plan the planned teaching programme according to the level of understanding of the beneficiaries, their practices and the needed improvement in them for prevention of selected communicable diseases among under five children. The studies of this nature will help the nurse educators in planning the awareness in clinical teaching as well as in the hospitals .

Nursing Practice:

Nursing profession has been developing faster in a unique way. The major changes that has occurred in the profession is expansion in the role of nurses. Educating the anganwadi teachers (regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under-five children is very important role of community nurses as well as pediatric nurses while taking care of children with communicable diseases. Majority of anganwadi teachers are not able to take care of the child with communicable diseases because of lack of knowledge. Every nurse practitioner must possess a prepared planned teaching programme to teach the regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under-five children in the hospital or in the community. Nurse should conduct training programmes and plan health education to promote the well-being of child.

Nursing Administration:

The nurse administrators should see that the aspect of health promotion while providing nursing care. The nurse administrator can take the initiative in imparting health information by individual and group teaching in the hospital, and other community settings. Nurse administrators in the hospital shall make arrangements for organizing and conducting education programmes for patients. They should explore their potentials and encourage innovative ideas in preparation of appropriate instructional material and if needed must train the personnel in preparing the material. So the nurse administrator should teach her subordinates regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under-five children and can suggest their subordinates to teach the community regarding preventive measures by using different A V aids planned teaching programme.

Nursing Research:

Extensive research studies can be undertaken in different fields to quantify the magnitude of deficiency of knowledge on prevention of selected communicable diseases among under-five children and the needful can be done. This study revealed that there is a deficency of knowledge among anganwadi teachers which needs further research to explore it. The findings of the present study can form a basis for the future research. More research on these areas is more helpful in expanding our body of knowledge. This study helps the nurse to plan, implement and evaluate the planned teaching programme and orientation programme through research.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

Keeping in view the findings of the present study the following recommendations are made. Since this study was carried out a small sample, the result can be used only as a guide for further studies.

· The study can be conducted on large samples.

· A similar study should be done by using control group.

· A comparative study can be carried out to assess the knowledge of anganwadi teachers working in rural and urban areas regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under-five children should be done.

· A descriptive study can be carried out to evaluate the knowledge and practice of anganwadi teachers regarding prevention of selected communicable diseases among under-five children.

REFERENCE:

1. Park K. Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine. 19th ed. Jabalpur: Bhanot; 2000.p. 32-140.

2. Research ,Education ,Action .[Online]. [oct 2012]. Available form: URL:http://www.muse.jhn.ed

3. Mohamed A. Elmaraghy and Abeer M. El Meghawry. Inflammatory Allergic Immune Response in Scabies Pyoderma. Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt Available form: URL: http://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/amsci/am0708/063_6341am0708_577_582.pdf

4. P.R. Walvekar, V. A. Naik, A. S. Wantamutte, M.D. Mallapur. Impact of Child to Child Programme on Knowledge, Attitude Practice Regarding Diarrhoea among Rural School Children. Indian Journal of Community Medicine; Vol. 31, No. 2 (2006-04 - 2006-06). Available form : URL:http://www.indmedica.com/journals.php?journalid=7&issueid=73&articleid=916&action=article

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Received on 03.08.2016 Modified on 25.08.2016

Int. J. Adv. Nur. Management. 2016; 4(4): 375-383.

DOI: 10.5958/2454-2652.2016.00084.6

Level of knowledge	Pre-test		Post-test
Level of knowledge	Frequency (f)	Percentage (%)	Frequency (f)	Percentage (%)
Inadequate	3	10	-	-
Moderate	19	63	-	-
Adequate	8	27	30	100
Total	30	100	30	100

	Range of score	mean	Median	SD
Pre-test	7-23	14.66	14	4.47
Post-test	19-26	22.7	23	1.7

Sl. No	Variables	c²value	Df	Table value	P value	Inference
1.	Age	0.402	1	3.84	0.525	NS
2.	Educational status	0.013	1	3.84	0.853	NS
3.	Year of experience	0.037	1	3.84	0.804	NS
4	History of referring	0.48	1	3.84	0.48	NS